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Skip to main content Search form Search Home Products and Applications Morpholino Antisense Oligos Why Choose Morpholinos Choosing the Optimal Target Methods and Protocols Morpholino History, Production, and Properties Custom Morpholinos, Controls and End Modifications Morpholinos blocking miRNAs Morpholinos blocking mRNA localization elements Morpholinos modifying poly-A tailing "Other" targets: ncRNA, repeated elements, etc. Diagnostics Pretargeting Therapeutics Applications in bacteria Applications in protists Applications in insects Vivo-Morpholinos Videos involving Gene Tools products on JoVE Delivery Products Endo-Porter Scrape Delivery of Morpholinos Ordering Gene Tools Design Request Gene Tools ONLINE STORE FAX Order Form Current Price List Billing and Shipping Information Terms of Sale Customer Support Download Protocols, Publications and Useful Documents Troubleshooting Audio Notes Jon's Blog Selected posts from Jon's blog Morpholino Publications Database Browse Morpholino Publications Submit a Publication to the Database FAQ About Us Contact Us Home 中文 What Do We Make? Gene Tools makes Morpholino antisense oligos . Morpholino oligos bind to complementary RNA and get in the way of processes; they can knock down gene expression, modify RNA splicing or inhibit miRNA activity and maturation. Morpholinos are the premier knockdown tools used in developmental biology labs, the best RNA-blocking reagents for cells in culture and, as Vivo-Morpholinos , the most specific delivery-enhanced oligos available for other animal models. We are the sole commercial manufacturer selling research quantities of Morpholinos world-wide. Morpholino oligos are short chains of about 25 Morpholino subunits. Each subunit is comprised of a nucleic acid base, a methylenemorpholine ring and a non-ionic phosphorodiamidate intersubunit linkage. Morpholinos do not degrade their RNA targets, but instead act via an RNAse H-independent steric blocking mechanism. They are completely stable in cells, uncut by nucleases. Requiring greater complementarity with their target RNAs to affect gene expression, Morpholinos perturb the expression of untargeted genes far less than the widespread off-target expression changes typical of knockdowns relying on RISC or RNase-H activity. With their high mRNA binding affinity and exquisite specificity, Morpholinos yield reliable and predictable results. Depending on the oligo sequence selected, they either can block translation initiation in the cytosol (by targeting the 5' UTR through the first 25 bases of coding sequence), can modify pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus (by targeting splice junctions or splice regulatory sites) or can inhibit miRNA maturation and activity (by targeting pri-miRNA or mature miRNA), as well as more exotic applications such as ribozyme inhibition, modifying poly-A tailing , blocking RNA translocation sequences or translational frameshifting. Morpholinos have been shown effective in animals, protists , plants and bacteria . We are continually developing novel cytosolic delivery systems like our ' Endo-Porter ' for cultured cells and our Vivo-Morpholinos for both cultures and in vivo delivery. With established delivery technologies it's easy to deliver Morpholinos into cultures, embryos or animals -- making Morpholinos the best tools for genetic studies and drug target validation programs. What Sets Us Apart? Morpholino oligos have excellent antisense properties compared to other gene knockdown systems . Microinjection or electroporation of Morpholino oligos into the embryos of frogs, zebrafish, chicks, sea urchins and other organisms successfully and specifically shuts down the expression of targeted genes, making Morpholinos an indispensable tool of developmental biologists. Morpholinos have also proven their versatility and efficacy in cultures of primary or immortal cells when delivered by Endo-Porter , electroporation or Vivo-Morpholinos . Usually, Vivo-Morpholinos are used to bring the specificity and efficacy of Morpholino oligos to experiments requiring systemic delivery in adult animals. The list of over 10,000 publications using Morpholinos is growing daily and is maintained on-line in a browseable database . Scroll down on this home page for some very recent citations describing work with Morpholinos or Vivo-Morpholinos; we also post these as we find them from @GeneTools on Twitter with the hashtag #Morpholino. Under the Products and Applications tab you can find lists of citations for oligo target types or various organism groups (e.g. Morpholinos for blocking MicroRNAs, Morpholinos for Modifying Poly-A Tailing, Applications in Bacteria, etc.). Besides providing the best knockdown and splice modification tools, we also provide the best customer support available in the gene silencing industry. Our customer support team includes three Ph.D.-level scientists with hands-on Morpholino experience who are available to: 1) discuss your experiment design, 2) design your oligos for you , and 3) help you troubleshoot your experiments, all at no additional cost. News We'll be closed Dec. 24th and people will be back on Monday the 28th. Meanwhile, the online store is open. Online Store Ready to order? Gene Tools Store Key Papers, Protocols & Citations Menus: Key papers and Protocols New citations Vivo-Morpholino citations Morpholino citation database Endo-Porter citations Stainier DYR et al. Guidelines for morpholino use in zebrafish . PLoS Genet. 2017 Oct 19;13(10):e1007000. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007000. Cell Press Selections: Morpholinos: Research Tools and Therapeutics Animations Morpholinos: Introduction and Translation Blocking Endo-Porter mechanism: endosomal escape Check here for recent citations using Morpholinos A more complete citation list can be searched in the Morpholino Publication Database . Morpholino Papers Spreafico M, Mangano E, Mazzola M, Consolandi C, Bordoni R, Battaglia C, Bicciato S, Marozzi A, Pistocchi A. The Genome-Wide Impact of Nipblb Loss-of-Function on Zebrafish Gene Expression . Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 19;21(24):E9719. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249719. Ran N, Lin C, Leng L, Han G, Geng M, Wu Y, Bittner S, Moulton H, Yin H. MOTS‐c promotes phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer uptake and efficacy in dystrophic mice . EMBO Mol Med. 2020;[Epub ahead of print] doi:10.15252/emmm.202012993 Fiallos-Oliveros C, Ohshima T. Dpysl2 (CRMP2) is required for the migration of facial branchiomotor neurons in the developing zebrafish embryo . Int J Dev Biol. 2020;64(10-11-12):479-484. doi: 10.1387/ijdb.190375to. Jedrychowska J, Gasanov EV, Korzha V. Kcnb1 plays a role in development of the inner ear . Dev Biol. 2021;471:65-75. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.007 Mao A, Zhang M, Li L, Liu J, Ning G, Cao Y, Wang Q. Pharyngeal pouches provide a niche microenvironment for arch artery progenitor specification . Development. 2020;[Epub ahead of print] doi:10.1242/dev.192658 He J, Zheng Z, Luo X, Hong Y, Su W, Cai C. Histone Demethylase PHF8 Is Required for the Development of the Zebrafish Inner Ear and Posterior Lateral Line . Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020 Nov 23;8:566504. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.566504. eCollection 2020. Yang Z, Wu S, Fontana F, Li Y, Xiao W, Gao Z, Stephan A, Affolter M, Belting H-G, Abdelilah-Seyfried S, Zhang J. The tight junctions protein Claudin-5 limits endothelial cell motility . J Cell Sci. 2020;[Epub ahead of print] doi:10.1242/jcs.248237 Perfetto M, Xu X, Lu C, Shi Y, Yousaf N, Li J, Yien YY, Wei S. The RNA helicase DDX3 induces neural crest by promoting AKT activity . Development. 2020;[Epub ahead of print] doi:10.1242/dev.184341 Lasser M, Bolduc J, Murphy L, O'Brien C, Lee S, Girirajan S, Lowery L. 16p12.1 deletion orthologs are expressed in motile neural crest cells and are important for regulating craniofacial development in Xenopus laevis . bioRxiv. 2020;[preprint] doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.421347 Lee H, Ismail T, Kim Y, Chae S, Ryu H-Y, Lee D-S, Kwon TK, Park TJ, Kwon T, Lee H-S. Xen...